How To Use Hielscher Ultrasonic Tissue Homogenizers
Before purifying or characterizing intracellular macromolecules such as proteins, organelles, enzymes, or active compounds, it is essential to employ an efficient method for tissue lysis and cell disintegration. Ultrasonication is a highly effective technique for cell preparation, quickly releasing intracellular materials into a buffer solution. The mechanical shear forces generated during ultrasonic tissue homogenization can be precisely adjusted to suit specific materials. This allows for gentle preparation of soft tissues or DNA/RNA shearing with milder sonication, as well as intense ultrasonic cavitation for destructive cell disruption (e.g., for nannochloropsis, yeast).
Below is a selection of tissues, cells, and other biological matter with recommended sonication protocols and guidelines for efficiently preparing your samples using an ultrasonic tissue homogenizer or cell crusher.
Lab ultra-sonicator UP200Ht (200W, 26kHz) for sample preparation tasks
How to Prepare your Lysates, Homogenates and Extracts from Biological Materials
In alphabetical order:
Acetobacter suboxydans
Actinomyces
ALP and LDH activity
Ultrasonic application:
Determination of ALP and LDH activity and protein content
Frozen cell samples were thawed for 20 min on ice, followed by cell lysis with PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 for 50 min on ice. During cell lysis each sample was sonicated for 1 min at 80 W with an ultrasonic processor UP100H (Hielscher Ultrasonics).
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Bernhardt, A. et al. (2008): Mineralised collagen—an artificial, extracellular bone matrix—improves osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.
Determination of ALP and LDH activity and protein content
Frozen cell samples were thawed for 20 min on ice, followed by cell lysis with PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 for 50 min on ice. During cell lysis each sample was sonicated for 1 min at 80 W with an ultrasonic processor UP100H (Hielscher Ultrasonics).
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Bernhardt, A. et al. (2008): Mineralised collagen—an artificial, extracellular bone matrix—improves osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.
Amorphous tricalcium phosphate (ATCP)
Ultrasonic application:
ATCP nano-particles, which are an exceptionally reactive precursor for the formation of hydroxyapatite, were dispersed in chloroform containing 5 % (w/w) Tween20 referred to PLGA using the Hielscher ultrasonic device UP400S at 320W for 5 min. applying pulsed intervals (50%) to allow for relaxation of the particles.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Mohn, Dirk; Ege, Duygu; Feldman, Kirifl; Schneider, Oliver D.; Imfeld, Thomas; Boccaccini, Aldo R. (2014): Spherical calcium phosphate nanoparticle fillers allow polymer processing of bone fixation devices with high bioactivity. The Free Library 01 May 2010. 21 January 2014.
ATCP nano-particles, which are an exceptionally reactive precursor for the formation of hydroxyapatite, were dispersed in chloroform containing 5 % (w/w) Tween20 referred to PLGA using the Hielscher ultrasonic device UP400S at 320W for 5 min. applying pulsed intervals (50%) to allow for relaxation of the particles.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Mohn, Dirk; Ege, Duygu; Feldman, Kirifl; Schneider, Oliver D.; Imfeld, Thomas; Boccaccini, Aldo R. (2014): Spherical calcium phosphate nanoparticle fillers allow polymer processing of bone fixation devices with high bioactivity. The Free Library 01 May 2010. 21 January 2014.
antosyaanit
Ultrasonic application:
Anthocyanins: di-glucosides, mono-glucoside, acylated monoglucosides and acylated di-glucosides of peonidin, malvidin, cyanidin, petunidin and delphinidin:Extraction from grape skin in 40 sec.; pH 5.0; ratio of material/extraction solvent of 1:6.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Anthocyanins: di-glucosides, mono-glucoside, acylated monoglucosides and acylated di-glucosides of peonidin, malvidin, cyanidin, petunidin and delphinidin:Extraction from grape skin in 40 sec.; pH 5.0; ratio of material/extraction solvent of 1:6.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Anthraquinones
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of Anthraquinones from the roots of Morinda citrifolia
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of Anthraquinones from the roots of Morinda citrifolia
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Apricot seeds
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic pre-treatment before extracting oil from the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. to improve extraction.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Ultrasonic pre-treatment before extracting oil from the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. to improve extraction.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Artemisia selengensis Turcz
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of Rutin (1.0g milled sample in 30 mL methanol) at 25°C in 5-10 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Extraction of Rutin (1.0g milled sample in 30 mL methanol) at 25°C in 5-10 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Aspergillus flavus
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Aspergillus flavus in Sabouraud growth medium
Device Recommendation:
UP200S
Ultrasonic inactivation of Aspergillus flavus in Sabouraud growth medium
Device Recommendation:
UP200S
B. sphaericus / Bacillus sphaericus
Bacillus anthracis sterne 34F2 spores
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic removal of Bacillus anthracis sterne 34F2, Bacillus cereus ATCC 21281, and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 33680 spores. The use of 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite along with ultrasound did lead to spore inactivation.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S at 100% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
Pamarthi, S.R. et al.: Effectiveness of Ultrasound in Desoiling Bacillus spp spores Embedded in Complex Food Matrices Attached to Various Contact Surfaces.
Ultrasonic removal of Bacillus anthracis sterne 34F2, Bacillus cereus ATCC 21281, and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 33680 spores. The use of 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite along with ultrasound did lead to spore inactivation.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S at 100% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
Pamarthi, S.R. et al.: Effectiveness of Ultrasound in Desoiling Bacillus spp spores Embedded in Complex Food Matrices Attached to Various Contact Surfaces.
Bacillus cereus ATCC 21281 spores
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic removal of Bacillus anthracis sterne 34F2, Bacillus cereus ATCC 21281, and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 33680 spores. The use of 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite along with ultrasound did lead to spore inactivation.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S at 100% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
Pamarthi, S.R. et al.: Effectiveness of Ultrasound in Desoiling Bacillus spp spores Embedded in Complex Food Matrices Attached to Various Contact Surfaces.
Ultrasonic removal of Bacillus anthracis sterne 34F2, Bacillus cereus ATCC 21281, and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 33680 spores. The use of 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite along with ultrasound did lead to spore inactivation.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S at 100% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
Pamarthi, S.R. et al.: Effectiveness of Ultrasound in Desoiling Bacillus spp spores Embedded in Complex Food Matrices Attached to Various Contact Surfaces.
Bacillus subtilis
Ultrasonic application:
High power, low frequency ultrasound in low volumes of bacterial suspension results in a continuous reduction in bacterial cell numbers i.e. the kill rate predominates. In larger volumes, sonication results in an initial rise in cell numbers suggesting declumping of the bacteria but this initial rise then falls as the declumping finishes and the kill rate becomes more important.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
Joyce, E.; Phull, S. S.; Lorimer, J. P.; Mason, T. J. (2003): The development and evaluation of ultrasound for the treatment of bacterial suspensions. A study of frequency, power and sonication time on cultured Bacillus species. Ultrason. Sonochem. 10/2003. pp. 315-318.
High power, low frequency ultrasound in low volumes of bacterial suspension results in a continuous reduction in bacterial cell numbers i.e. the kill rate predominates. In larger volumes, sonication results in an initial rise in cell numbers suggesting declumping of the bacteria but this initial rise then falls as the declumping finishes and the kill rate becomes more important.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
Joyce, E.; Phull, S. S.; Lorimer, J. P.; Mason, T. J. (2003): The development and evaluation of ultrasound for the treatment of bacterial suspensions. A study of frequency, power and sonication time on cultured Bacillus species. Ultrason. Sonochem. 10/2003. pp. 315-318.
Barley's Alpha-amylase
Ultrasonic application:
Stimulating or inhibiting the activity of Barley’s Alpha-amylase: The sample (10 g barley seeds) was dispersed in 80 ml of tap water at direct sonication at ultrasonic intensity of 20, 60 and 100% amplitude, cyle of 50% and with additional agitation. The sonotrode was immersed about 9 mm into the solution. The solution was processed at constant temperature of 30C° for 5, 10 and 15 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S, amplitudes: 20, 60 and 100%; cyle of 50%; Sonotrode S3, 30C°.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Yaldagard et al. (2008): Effect of Ultrasonic Power on the Activity of Barley’s Alpha-amylase from Post-sowing Treat of Seeds
Stimulating or inhibiting the activity of Barley’s Alpha-amylase: The sample (10 g barley seeds) was dispersed in 80 ml of tap water at direct sonication at ultrasonic intensity of 20, 60 and 100% amplitude, cyle of 50% and with additional agitation. The sonotrode was immersed about 9 mm into the solution. The solution was processed at constant temperature of 30C° for 5, 10 and 15 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S, amplitudes: 20, 60 and 100%; cyle of 50%; Sonotrode S3, 30C°.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Yaldagard et al. (2008): Effect of Ultrasonic Power on the Activity of Barley’s Alpha-amylase from Post-sowing Treat of Seeds
Barnacle nauplii
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption/ killing of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) a killing rate between 61 and 97 % has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Cell disruption/ killing of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) a killing rate between 61 and 97 % has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Bifidobacteria strains: B. breve ATCC 15700, B. animalis subsp. Lactis (BB-12), B. longum (BB-46)
Ultrasonic application:
Bacteria cell destruction and release of ß-galactosidase from Bifidobacteria strains: B. breve ATCC 15700, B. animalis subsp. Lactis (BB-12), B. longum (BB-46): 100 mL pasteurized milk blended with bacteria culture was applied with ultrasound. Cavitation causes the destruction of the bacterial cells and at the same time, release of ß-galactosidase.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd: amplitude: 10%, power: 80W, amplitude: 100%, power: 200W; Sonotrode BS2d34; 15-30 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Hung et al. (2009): Ultrasound Aided Yogurt Fermentation with Probiotics.
Bacteria cell destruction and release of ß-galactosidase from Bifidobacteria strains: B. breve ATCC 15700, B. animalis subsp. Lactis (BB-12), B. longum (BB-46): 100 mL pasteurized milk blended with bacteria culture was applied with ultrasound. Cavitation causes the destruction of the bacterial cells and at the same time, release of ß-galactosidase.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd: amplitude: 10%, power: 80W, amplitude: 100%, power: 200W; Sonotrode BS2d34; 15-30 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Hung et al. (2009): Ultrasound Aided Yogurt Fermentation with Probiotics.
BL21(DE3) pAtHNL cells (Arabidopsis thaliana cells)
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption: 15 g BL21-(DE3)_pAtHNL cells were slowly suspended in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 0 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S + sonotrode S14D: at 70W/cm2 (4 x 5 min), cooled in an ice bath
Reference/ Research Paper:
Okrob, D. et al (2009): Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of Reaction Parameters for Enantiopure Cyanohydrin Synthesis by Pure and Immobilized Catalyst. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2399 – 2408.
Cell disruption: 15 g BL21-(DE3)_pAtHNL cells were slowly suspended in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 0 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S + sonotrode S14D: at 70W/cm2 (4 x 5 min), cooled in an ice bath
Reference/ Research Paper:
Okrob, D. et al (2009): Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of Reaction Parameters for Enantiopure Cyanohydrin Synthesis by Pure and Immobilized Catalyst. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2399 – 2408.
Blood cells (red and white)
Boldine from Boldo leaves (Peumus boldus Molina)
Ultrasonic application:
An important active compound in boldo is boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxiaporphine), which is besides catechin ((2S,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol) the main components of the alkaloid and flavonoid fraction in boldo leaves. Boldine is a strong antioxidant agent that undergoes peroxidative free-radical-mediated damage and acts as an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger.
Extraction Procedure: For a typical extraction procedure, samples of boldo leaves were extracted with 1L of distillated water at atmospheric pressure using the ultrasonicator UIP1000hd in batch and flow-through mode. Time of extraction ranges between 10 and 40 min., with an Ultrasonic intensity of 10 to 23 W/cm2, and a temperature range of 10 to 70°C. Best results wer achieved under following conditions: ultrasonic intensity of 23 W/cm2 for 40 min. at temperature of 36°C
Results: The analysis results show that high-power sonication enhances the analyte release of vegetal matrix material of Boldo at significantly better rates compared to conventional method: equal yield was released by sonication in 30 min. whilst conventional extraction time was 2h.
Chemat (2013) and co-workers have shown that ultrasonically-assisted extraction improves the efficiency of the plant extraction whilst reducing extraction time at increased concentration of the extracts (same amount of solvent and plant material). Analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: sonication power 23 W/cm2 with UIP1000hd for 40 min. and a temperature of 36°C. The optimized parameters of the ultrasound extraction provide a better extraction compared to a conventional maceration in terms of process time (30 min. instead of 120 min.), higher yield, higher energy efficiency, improved cleanliness, higher safety and better product quality.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd with sonotrode BS2d34 and flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Petigny, L.; Périno-Issartier, S.; Wajsman, J.; Chemat, F. (2013): Boldon lehtien erä- ja jatkuva ultraääniavusteinen uutto (Peumus boldus mol.). Kansainvälinen molekyylitieteen lehti 14, 2013. 5750-5764.
An important active compound in boldo is boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxiaporphine), which is besides catechin ((2S,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol) the main components of the alkaloid and flavonoid fraction in boldo leaves. Boldine is a strong antioxidant agent that undergoes peroxidative free-radical-mediated damage and acts as an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger.
Extraction Procedure: For a typical extraction procedure, samples of boldo leaves were extracted with 1L of distillated water at atmospheric pressure using the ultrasonicator UIP1000hd in batch and flow-through mode. Time of extraction ranges between 10 and 40 min., with an Ultrasonic intensity of 10 to 23 W/cm2, and a temperature range of 10 to 70°C. Best results wer achieved under following conditions: ultrasonic intensity of 23 W/cm2 for 40 min. at temperature of 36°C
Results: The analysis results show that high-power sonication enhances the analyte release of vegetal matrix material of Boldo at significantly better rates compared to conventional method: equal yield was released by sonication in 30 min. whilst conventional extraction time was 2h.
Chemat (2013) and co-workers have shown that ultrasonically-assisted extraction improves the efficiency of the plant extraction whilst reducing extraction time at increased concentration of the extracts (same amount of solvent and plant material). Analysis revealed that the optimized conditions were: sonication power 23 W/cm2 with UIP1000hd for 40 min. and a temperature of 36°C. The optimized parameters of the ultrasound extraction provide a better extraction compared to a conventional maceration in terms of process time (30 min. instead of 120 min.), higher yield, higher energy efficiency, improved cleanliness, higher safety and better product quality.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd with sonotrode BS2d34 and flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Petigny, L.; Périno-Issartier, S.; Wajsman, J.; Chemat, F. (2013): Boldon lehtien erä- ja jatkuva ultraääniavusteinen uutto (Peumus boldus mol.). Kansainvälinen molekyylitieteen lehti 14, 2013. 5750-5764.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA)
Ultrasonic application:
Microencapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in 40 sec.
Device Recommendation:
Dmini
Reference/ Research Paper:
Freitas et al. (2005): Flow-through ultrasonic emulsification combined with static micromixing for aseptic production of microspheres by solvent extraction.
Microencapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in 40 sec.
Device Recommendation:
Dmini
Reference/ Research Paper:
Freitas et al. (2005): Flow-through ultrasonic emulsification combined with static micromixing for aseptic production of microspheres by solvent extraction.
Brain stem + adrenal gland
Ultrasonic application:
Dispersion and nucleotid analysis; sample size: 10 mg samples in 10 ml fluid.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Dispersion and nucleotid analysis; sample size: 10 mg samples in 10 ml fluid.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Candida albicans
Carbohydrates, polysaccharides and other functional compounds
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of carbohydrates, polysaccharides and other functional compounds
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Extraction of carbohydrates, polysaccharides and other functional compounds
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Carnosic acid from rosemary
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of carnosic acid, an active compound, from rosemary.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of carnosic acid, an active compound, from rosemary.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Capsaicinoids
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin) from chili peppers: Capsaicinoids from Capsicum frutescens peppers was obtained via ultrasonic extraction under following conditions: solvent: 95% (v/v) ethanol, solvent/ mass ratio of 10 ml/g, 40 min. sonication extraction time, 45°C extraction temperature. Extractant yield: 85% of the capsaicinoids
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin) from chili peppers: Capsaicinoids from Capsicum frutescens peppers was obtained via ultrasonic extraction under following conditions: solvent: 95% (v/v) ethanol, solvent/ mass ratio of 10 ml/g, 40 min. sonication extraction time, 45°C extraction temperature. Extractant yield: 85% of the capsaicinoids
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Carotenoids, Beta-Carotenoids
cDNA
Ultrasonic application:
Poly-A RNA was purified with the Dynabeads mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s instructions and was treated for 30 min at 37°C with TURBO DNase (Ambion; 0.2 units/1 μg of RNA). First- and second-strand synthesis followed the manufacturer’s protocol. About 500ng of double-stranded cDNA was fragmented by sonication with Hielscher’s UTR200. DNA was parceled in 2% high-resolution agarose gel and 230–270 bp fragments were cut.
Device Recommendation:
UTR200 tai TD_CupHorn
Reference/ Research Paper:
Delft, J. van; Gaj, St.; Lienhard,M.; Albrecht, M. W.; Kirpiy, A.; Brauers, K.; Claessen, S.; Lizarraga, D.; Lehrach, H.; Herwig, R.; Kleinjans, J. (2012): RNA-Seq Provides New Insights in the Transcriptome Responses Induced by the Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicological Sciences 130/2, 2012. 427–439.
Poly-A RNA was purified with the Dynabeads mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s instructions and was treated for 30 min at 37°C with TURBO DNase (Ambion; 0.2 units/1 μg of RNA). First- and second-strand synthesis followed the manufacturer’s protocol. About 500ng of double-stranded cDNA was fragmented by sonication with Hielscher’s UTR200. DNA was parceled in 2% high-resolution agarose gel and 230–270 bp fragments were cut.
Device Recommendation:
UTR200 tai TD_CupHorn
Reference/ Research Paper:
Delft, J. van; Gaj, St.; Lienhard,M.; Albrecht, M. W.; Kirpiy, A.; Brauers, K.; Claessen, S.; Lizarraga, D.; Lehrach, H.; Herwig, R.; Kleinjans, J. (2012): RNA-Seq Provides New Insights in the Transcriptome Responses Induced by the Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicological Sciences 130/2, 2012. 427–439.
Caryophanon latum
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid and lysine from caryophanon datum.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Extraction of glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid and lysine from caryophanon datum.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
selluloosa
Ultrasonic application:
Homogenization/ preparation of isotopically homogeneous cellulose.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; in an ice bath
Reference/ Research Paper:
Laumer et al. (2009): A novel approach for the homogenization of cellulose to use microamounts for stable isotope analyses.
Homogenization/ preparation of isotopically homogeneous cellulose.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; in an ice bath
Reference/ Research Paper:
Laumer et al. (2009): A novel approach for the homogenization of cellulose to use microamounts for stable isotope analyses.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) prepared from eucalyptus cellulose CNCs
Ultrasonic application:
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) prepared from eucalyptus cellulose CNCs were modified by the reaction with methyl adipoyl chloride, CNCm, or with a mixture of acetic and sulfuric acid, CNCa. Therefore, freeze-dried CNCs, CNCm and CNCa were redispersed in pure solvents (EA, THF or DMF) at 0.1 wt%, bymagnetic stirring overnight at (24 ± 1) C, followed by 20 min in a sonication bath using UP100H Hielscher Ultrasonics (Germany), equipped with a 130 W/cm2 sonotrode, at 24 ± 1 degC. After that, CAB was added to the CNC dispersion, so that the final polymer concentration was 0.9 wt%.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H; at 24 degC for 20 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Blachechen, L. S. et al (2013): Interplay of colloidal stability of cellulose nanocrystals and their dispersibility in cellulose acetate butyrate matrix. Cellulose 2013.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) prepared from eucalyptus cellulose CNCs were modified by the reaction with methyl adipoyl chloride, CNCm, or with a mixture of acetic and sulfuric acid, CNCa. Therefore, freeze-dried CNCs, CNCm and CNCa were redispersed in pure solvents (EA, THF or DMF) at 0.1 wt%, bymagnetic stirring overnight at (24 ± 1) C, followed by 20 min in a sonication bath using UP100H Hielscher Ultrasonics (Germany), equipped with a 130 W/cm2 sonotrode, at 24 ± 1 degC. After that, CAB was added to the CNC dispersion, so that the final polymer concentration was 0.9 wt%.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H; at 24 degC for 20 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Blachechen, L. S. et al (2013): Interplay of colloidal stability of cellulose nanocrystals and their dispersibility in cellulose acetate butyrate matrix. Cellulose 2013.
Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Extraction of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
ChIP assay
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonication is used for cell lysis to release the chromatin. Mild (pulsed) sonication is used to fragment the chromatin. Furthermore, ultrasound accelerates the rate of antibody binding to target proteins and reduces thereby the immunoprecipitation time.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Basselet, P. et al. (2008): Sample processing for DNA chip array-based analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC).
Lauri, A. (2005): Molecular analysis of petal development by X-ChIP and two-hybrid technology. Dissertation University of Cologne 2005.
Ultrasonication is used for cell lysis to release the chromatin. Mild (pulsed) sonication is used to fragment the chromatin. Furthermore, ultrasound accelerates the rate of antibody binding to target proteins and reduces thereby the immunoprecipitation time.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Basselet, P. et al. (2008): Sample processing for DNA chip array-based analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC).
Lauri, A. (2005): Molecular analysis of petal development by X-ChIP and two-hybrid technology. Dissertation University of Cologne 2005.
kromatiini
Ultrasonic application:
Shearing of chromatin
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; at 30% amplitude and 0.5 cycle; on ice.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Oh et al. (2003): Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Gene Is Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 in Liver.
Shearing of chromatin
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; at 30% amplitude and 0.5 cycle; on ice.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Oh et al. (2003): Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Gene Is Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 in Liver.
Chromatin extraction
Ultrasonic application:
The lysate of MEL DS19 cells was sonicated with 10 rounds of 20 s each at 70% of maximum output using the Hielscher 200W ultrasonic processor UP200H
Device Recommendation:
UP200H; 70% of maximum output; pulse mode: 10 cycles of 20 sec. each.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Kang, H. Ch. et al (2010): PIAS1 regulates CP2c localization and active promoter complex formation in erythroid cell-specific a-globin expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 38/ 16, 2010. pp. 5456–5471.
The lysate of MEL DS19 cells was sonicated with 10 rounds of 20 s each at 70% of maximum output using the Hielscher 200W ultrasonic processor UP200H
Device Recommendation:
UP200H; 70% of maximum output; pulse mode: 10 cycles of 20 sec. each.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Kang, H. Ch. et al (2010): PIAS1 regulates CP2c localization and active promoter complex formation in erythroid cell-specific a-globin expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 38/ 16, 2010. pp. 5456–5471.
Chromatography
Ultrasonic application:
Sonication of the adsorbant in the solvent eliminates agglomerates within a few seconds and prepares a uniform, easily packed column. Relevant for adsorbent preparation (e.g. silica gel) prior to column chromatography.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Sonication of the adsorbant in the solvent eliminates agglomerates within a few seconds and prepares a uniform, easily packed column. Relevant for adsorbent preparation (e.g. silica gel) prior to column chromatography.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Cladocerans
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton
Device Recommendation:
UP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton
Device Recommendation:
UP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Copepod adults and copepodites
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 87 and 99% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 87 and 99% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Copepod nauplii
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 87 and 99% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800 lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 87 and 99% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, Ultraviolet Light, Ultrasound and Hydrogen Peroxide As Ballast Water Treatments – Experiments with Mesozooplankton In Low Saline- Brackish Water.
COS7-cells
Ultrasonic application:
Lysis in 400 μl buffer
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 7 cycles
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zaim (2005): Analyse von Nesprin-2 Defizienten Mäusen.
Lysis in 400 μl buffer
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 7 cycles
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zaim (2005): Analyse von Nesprin-2 Defizienten Mäusen.
Cryptosporidium parvaum
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvaum (protozoa) in water.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tsukamoto, I.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Furuta, M.; Hashiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 11/2004. pp. 61–65.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvaum (protozoa) in water.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tsukamoto, I.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Furuta, M.; Hashiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 11/2004. pp. 61–65.
Cubosomes
Ultrasonic application:
Cubosomes – either empty or doped with fluorophore molecules – were prepared by dispersing the appropriate amount of monoolein in a solution of Pluronic F108 using the ultrasonicator UP100H. To obtain fluorescent cubosomes, the fluorophore was dispersed in the melted monoolein by gentle sonification before dispersion in Pluronic F108. The same procedure was followed when the fluorescent cubosomes were also loaded with quercetin.
Sample: sample size: 4 mL – approx. 96.4 wt% of water, 3.3 wt % of monoolein, 0.3 wt% of Pluronic F108. The percentage of the fluorophore was 2.5 × 10−3 and 2.8 × 10−3 wt%. Amount of added quercetin: 6.4 × 10−6 wt%.
Sonication: UP100H, amplitude 90%, pulse cycle 0.9, for 10 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Murgia, S.; Bonacchi,S.; Falchi, A. M.; Lampis, S.; Lippolis, V.; Meli, V.; Monduzzi, M.; Prodi, L.; Schmidt, J.; Talmon, Y.; Caltagirone, C. (2013): Drug-Loaded Fluorescent Cubosomes: Versatile Nanoparticles for Potential Theranostic Applications. Langmuir 29, 2013. 6673-6679.
Cubosomes – either empty or doped with fluorophore molecules – were prepared by dispersing the appropriate amount of monoolein in a solution of Pluronic F108 using the ultrasonicator UP100H. To obtain fluorescent cubosomes, the fluorophore was dispersed in the melted monoolein by gentle sonification before dispersion in Pluronic F108. The same procedure was followed when the fluorescent cubosomes were also loaded with quercetin.
Sample: sample size: 4 mL – approx. 96.4 wt% of water, 3.3 wt % of monoolein, 0.3 wt% of Pluronic F108. The percentage of the fluorophore was 2.5 × 10−3 and 2.8 × 10−3 wt%. Amount of added quercetin: 6.4 × 10−6 wt%.
Sonication: UP100H, amplitude 90%, pulse cycle 0.9, for 10 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Murgia, S.; Bonacchi,S.; Falchi, A. M.; Lampis, S.; Lippolis, V.; Meli, V.; Monduzzi, M.; Prodi, L.; Schmidt, J.; Talmon, Y.; Caltagirone, C. (2013): Drug-Loaded Fluorescent Cubosomes: Versatile Nanoparticles for Potential Theranostic Applications. Langmuir 29, 2013. 6673-6679.
Dekkera bruxellensis
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Dekkera bruxellensis in water
Device Recommendation:
UIP1500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Borthwick, K. A. J.; Coakley, W. T.; McDonnell, M. B.; Nowotny, H.; Benes, E.; Grfschl, .M (2005): Development of a novel compact sonicator for cell disruption. J. Microbio. Meths. 60/2005. pp. 207–216. / Lörincz, A. (2004): Ultrasonic cellular disruption of yeast in water-based suspensions. Biosys. Eng. 89/ 2004. pp. 297–308. / Tsukamoto, I.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Furuta, M.; Hashiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/2004. pp. 61–65.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Dekkera bruxellensis in water
Device Recommendation:
UIP1500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Borthwick, K. A. J.; Coakley, W. T.; McDonnell, M. B.; Nowotny, H.; Benes, E.; Grfschl, .M (2005): Development of a novel compact sonicator for cell disruption. J. Microbio. Meths. 60/2005. pp. 207–216. / Lörincz, A. (2004): Ultrasonic cellular disruption of yeast in water-based suspensions. Biosys. Eng. 89/ 2004. pp. 297–308. / Tsukamoto, I.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Furuta, M.; Hashiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/2004. pp. 61–65.
Dekkera/ Brettanomyces bruxellensis
Ultrasonic application:
Inactivation in 90-120 sec.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
see above
Inactivation in 90-120 sec.
Device Recommendation:
UIP1500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
see above
DNA
Ultrasonic application:
DNA fragmentation: 2 min. sonication of 100μL with UP100H or 4 min. sonication of 100μL with UTR200.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H, UTR200 tai VialTweeter
Reference/ Research Paper:
Larguinho M. et al. (2010): Development of a fast and efficient ultrasonic-based strategy for DNA fragmentation.
DNA fragmentation: 2 min. sonication of 100μL with UP100H or 4 min. sonication of 100μL with UTR200.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H, UTR200 tai VialTweeter
Reference/ Research Paper:
Larguinho M. et al. (2010): Development of a fast and efficient ultrasonic-based strategy for DNA fragmentation.
Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of cellular proteins from Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: Frozen S2 cells (1.56108) were lysed in 1 mL ice-cold homogenization buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% SDS) and left on ice for 10 min. Cell lysis was completed by ultrasonication on ice (6615 bursts, 0.5 s pulse; 75% intensity) with a Hielscher UP200S ultrasonic processor.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S (200W), 75% intensitypulse mode: 6615 bursts, 0.5 s pulse.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Schwientek, T. et al. (2007): A serial lectin approach to the mucin-type O-glycoproteome of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Proteomics 7, 2007. pp. 3264-3277.
Extraction of cellular proteins from Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: Frozen S2 cells (1.56108) were lysed in 1 mL ice-cold homogenization buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% SDS) and left on ice for 10 min. Cell lysis was completed by ultrasonication on ice (6615 bursts, 0.5 s pulse; 75% intensity) with a Hielscher UP200S ultrasonic processor.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S (200W), 75% intensitypulse mode: 6615 bursts, 0.5 s pulse.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Schwientek, T. et al. (2007): A serial lectin approach to the mucin-type O-glycoproteome of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Proteomics 7, 2007. pp. 3264-3277.
E. coli derivates
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption of E. coli derivates: The frozen pellets corresponding to the sample volume of Vculture = 4/OD mL were resuspended in 580 μL 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7, 1 mM EDTA. 20 μL of lysozyme (concentration of 1 g L-1) was added and the cells suspension was incubated on ice for about 30 min. Afterwards cells were disrupted by continuous ultrasonication with an ultrasonicator (UP 200S Ultraschallprozessor, Dr. Hielscher GmbH, Teltow) on ice, at an amplitude of 50 % for 20 sec. The soluble and insoluble cell fractions were separated by centrifugation at 13000 rpm for 20 min. The insoluble proteins were washed twice with the 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7, 1 mM EDTA and stored at –20°C.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S with 50% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
HA (2005): Optimisation of active recombinant protein production, exploring the impact of small heat-shock proteins of Escherichia coli, IbpA and IbpB, on in vivo reactivation of inclusion bodies.
Cell disruption of E. coli derivates: The frozen pellets corresponding to the sample volume of Vculture = 4/OD mL were resuspended in 580 μL 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7, 1 mM EDTA. 20 μL of lysozyme (concentration of 1 g L-1) was added and the cells suspension was incubated on ice for about 30 min. Afterwards cells were disrupted by continuous ultrasonication with an ultrasonicator (UP 200S Ultraschallprozessor, Dr. Hielscher GmbH, Teltow) on ice, at an amplitude of 50 % for 20 sec. The soluble and insoluble cell fractions were separated by centrifugation at 13000 rpm for 20 min. The insoluble proteins were washed twice with the 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7, 1 mM EDTA and stored at –20°C.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S with 50% amplitude
Reference/ Research Paper:
HA (2005): Optimisation of active recombinant protein production, exploring the impact of small heat-shock proteins of Escherichia coli, IbpA and IbpB, on in vivo reactivation of inclusion bodies.
Echinococcus granulosus Antigen
Ultrasonic application:
Cell lysis and disintegration: The homogenized sample of protein soluble of mature E. granulosus, prepared by freeze-thawing in liquid nitrogen and 42◦C, has been sonicated at 110V, 170W for 3×15 sec on ice. After that, the sample was centrifugated for 15min at 10000g. Protein concentaration was measured by Bradford method and stored at -20◦C.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 170W, cooling on ice; 3 x 15 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tabar et al. (2010): Serodiagnosis of Sheep Hydatidosis with Hydatid Fluid, Protoscolex and Whole Body of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen.
Cell lysis and disintegration: The homogenized sample of protein soluble of mature E. granulosus, prepared by freeze-thawing in liquid nitrogen and 42◦C, has been sonicated at 110V, 170W for 3×15 sec on ice. After that, the sample was centrifugated for 15min at 10000g. Protein concentaration was measured by Bradford method and stored at -20◦C.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 170W, cooling on ice; 3 x 15 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tabar et al. (2010): Serodiagnosis of Sheep Hydatidosis with Hydatid Fluid, Protoscolex and Whole Body of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen.
Escherchia coli Gr-
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in milk and juices.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zenker, M.; Heinz, V.; Knorr, D. (2003): Application of ultrasound assisted thermal processing for preservation and quality retention of liquid foods. J Food Prot 66/2003. pp. 1642–1649.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in milk and juices.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zenker, M.; Heinz, V.; Knorr, D. (2003): Application of ultrasound assisted thermal processing for preservation and quality retention of liquid foods. J Food Prot 66/2003. pp. 1642–1649.
Escherchia coli Gr- in saline
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in saline.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Duckhouse, H.; Mason, T. J.; Phull, S. S.; Lorimer, J. P. (2004): The effect of sonication on microbial disinfection using hypochlorite. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/ 2004. pp. 173–176.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in saline.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Duckhouse, H.; Mason, T. J.; Phull, S. S.; Lorimer, J. P. (2004): The effect of sonication on microbial disinfection using hypochlorite. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/ 2004. pp. 173–176.
Escherchia coli Gr- in water
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in water.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Furuta, M.; Yamaguchi, M.; Tsukamoto, T.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Hasiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/2004. pp. 57–60.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Escherchia coli Gr- in water.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Furuta, M.; Yamaguchi, M.; Tsukamoto, T.; Yim, B.; Stavarache, C. E.; Hasiba, K.; Maeda, Y. (2004): Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 11/2004. pp. 57–60.
Glaucoma, optical nerve head
Ultrasonic application:
RNA fragmentation of optical nerve heads (from rat eyes): The optical nerve head (ONH) was frozen on dry ice and stored at 80°C before extraction. RNA was isolated by sonicating the frozen nerve heads in the kit extraction buffer using an MS 0.5 probe (UP50H) and then, after the instructions provided by the Arcturus kit, including DNase treatment to remove any DNA. Purified RNA was quantified.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H with probe MS0.5
Reference/ Research Paper:
Johnson et al. (2007): Global Changes in Optic Nerve Head Gene Expression after Exposure to Elevated Intraocular Pressure in a Rat Glaucoma Model.
RNA fragmentation of optical nerve heads (from rat eyes): The optical nerve head (ONH) was frozen on dry ice and stored at 80°C before extraction. RNA was isolated by sonicating the frozen nerve heads in the kit extraction buffer using an MS 0.5 probe (UP50H) and then, after the instructions provided by the Arcturus kit, including DNase treatment to remove any DNA. Purified RNA was quantified.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H with probe MS0.5
Reference/ Research Paper:
Johnson et al. (2007): Global Changes in Optic Nerve Head Gene Expression after Exposure to Elevated Intraocular Pressure in a Rat Glaucoma Model.
Glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate (CS)
Ultrasonic application:
Determining CS by Dimethylmethylene Blue Assay
Resuspension of cells: CS pellets in microcentrifuge tubes were resuspended in 0.5 ml of a 0.1mg/ml papain solution in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) using pulses from an ultrasound horn (UP 100H, Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH, Germany) at cycle 1 and 100 % amplitude for 3 sec. Thereafter, digestion took place at 60 °C for 24 h.
For Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the cells were then suspended in distilled and deionized water at a concentration of 106 cells/ml, and were kept in a freezer at –70°C overnight in order to facilitate cell lysis. The cells were then homogenized by ultrasonication for 40 sec. using the Hielscher ultrasonic tissue homogenizer UP100H.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vandrovcova et al. (2011): Influence of Collagen and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) Coatings on Poly-(Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) on MG 63 Osteoblast-Like Cells. Physiol. Res. 60; 2011. 797-813.
Determining CS by Dimethylmethylene Blue Assay
Resuspension of cells: CS pellets in microcentrifuge tubes were resuspended in 0.5 ml of a 0.1mg/ml papain solution in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) using pulses from an ultrasound horn (UP 100H, Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH, Germany) at cycle 1 and 100 % amplitude for 3 sec. Thereafter, digestion took place at 60 °C for 24 h.
For Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the cells were then suspended in distilled and deionized water at a concentration of 106 cells/ml, and were kept in a freezer at –70°C overnight in order to facilitate cell lysis. The cells were then homogenized by ultrasonication for 40 sec. using the Hielscher ultrasonic tissue homogenizer UP100H.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vandrovcova et al. (2011): Influence of Collagen and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) Coatings on Poly-(Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) on MG 63 Osteoblast-Like Cells. Physiol. Res. 60; 2011. 797-813.
HaCaT cells
Ultrasonic application:
Lysis of HaCaT cells for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): HaCaT cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37uC. The fixed cells were lysed in the RIPA buffer and sonicated on ice with an 100W ultrasonic device at amplitude = 1 and duty cycle = 100% in 12 one-minute (12 x 1 min.) pulses.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H; for 12 min. on ice,
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zhang et al. (2007): Basonuclin Regulates a Subset of Ribosomal RNA Genes in HaCaT Cells.
Lysis of HaCaT cells for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): HaCaT cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37uC. The fixed cells were lysed in the RIPA buffer and sonicated on ice with an 100W ultrasonic device at amplitude = 1 and duty cycle = 100% in 12 one-minute (12 x 1 min.) pulses.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H; for 12 min. on ice,
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zhang et al. (2007): Basonuclin Regulates a Subset of Ribosomal RNA Genes in HaCaT Cells.
Heparin: Depolymerization of heparin
Ultrasonic application:
The ultrasonic method enables to produce a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Therefore, heparin undergoes a hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed radical depolymerization. The reaction is very fast and takes less than 1 hour, whilst the physicochemical depolymerization process relies on mild reaction conditions, requires no harsh or toxic reagents, and provides a product free of chemical artifacts. Thus, the ultrasonic process is well suited for the large scale production of LMWH, but also analogs produced from natural sulfated polysaccharides.
Ultrasonic Procedure:
For the physicochemical depolymerization of unfractionated heparin by ultrasonic-assisted radical depolymerization, heparin was dissolved in water to a final concentration of 25 mg/mL (5 mL). The reaction mixture was sonicated using a probe-type ultrasonicator UP50H. The ultrasonicator was equipped with a probe (micro tip MS3) with a diameter of 3mm, which provided an amplitude of 180μm. The processor generated mechanical longitudinal vibrations with a frequency of 30 kHz that were produced by electrical excitation. The reaction mixture was maintained at 60°C in a Radleys® reactor and ultrasonic waves were applied as a 0.5sec pulse to prevent mixture heating. A zerotime aliquot (250μl) was removed from the solution prior to reaction launching by simultaneous addition of hydrogen peroxide and application of ultrasonic waves. Hydrogen peroxide was added to obtain a final hydrogen peroxide/heparin (w/w) ratio of 0.15 (3.75 mg/mL).
Device Recommendation:
UP50H with sonotrode MS3
Reference/ Research Paper:
Achour, Oussama; Bridiau, Nicolas; Godhbani, Azza; Le Joubioux, Florian; Bordenave Juchereau, Stephanie; Sannier, Fredéric; Piot, Jean-Marie; Fruitier Arnaudin, Ingrid; Maugard, Thierry (2013): Ultrasonic-assisted preparation of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers 97; 2013. 684–689.
The ultrasonic method enables to produce a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Therefore, heparin undergoes a hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed radical depolymerization. The reaction is very fast and takes less than 1 hour, whilst the physicochemical depolymerization process relies on mild reaction conditions, requires no harsh or toxic reagents, and provides a product free of chemical artifacts. Thus, the ultrasonic process is well suited for the large scale production of LMWH, but also analogs produced from natural sulfated polysaccharides.
Ultrasonic Procedure:
For the physicochemical depolymerization of unfractionated heparin by ultrasonic-assisted radical depolymerization, heparin was dissolved in water to a final concentration of 25 mg/mL (5 mL). The reaction mixture was sonicated using a probe-type ultrasonicator UP50H. The ultrasonicator was equipped with a probe (micro tip MS3) with a diameter of 3mm, which provided an amplitude of 180μm. The processor generated mechanical longitudinal vibrations with a frequency of 30 kHz that were produced by electrical excitation. The reaction mixture was maintained at 60°C in a Radleys® reactor and ultrasonic waves were applied as a 0.5sec pulse to prevent mixture heating. A zerotime aliquot (250μl) was removed from the solution prior to reaction launching by simultaneous addition of hydrogen peroxide and application of ultrasonic waves. Hydrogen peroxide was added to obtain a final hydrogen peroxide/heparin (w/w) ratio of 0.15 (3.75 mg/mL).
Device Recommendation:
UP50H with sonotrode MS3
Reference/ Research Paper:
Achour, Oussama; Bridiau, Nicolas; Godhbani, Azza; Le Joubioux, Florian; Bordenave Juchereau, Stephanie; Sannier, Fredéric; Piot, Jean-Marie; Fruitier Arnaudin, Ingrid; Maugard, Thierry (2013): Ultrasonic-assisted preparation of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Polymers 97; 2013. 684–689.
humala
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of active compounds / herbal extracts in water and ethanol.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of active compounds / herbal extracts in water and ethanol.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Lactobacillus (lysis/ DNA isolation of various Lactobacillus strains)
Ultrasonic application:
Lactobacillus strains: L. pontis, L. sanfranciscensis, L. farciminis, L. panis, L. oris, L. vaginalis and L. reuteri, L. sp.
Procedure: For the DNA isolation of single colonies, an ultrasonic lysis protocol was developed. One colony (2- to 3-mm diameter) was suspended in 100μl lysis buffer (20 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris [pH 7.9], 1% Triton X-100, 500 mM guanidine-HCl, 250 mM NaCl). Cells were lysed by 1 min of ultrasonication with an probe-type ultrasonicator UP50H. After the addition of 150μl of cold ethanol (-20°C), the mixture was centrifuged over a spin column of the QIAamp tissue kit and finally eluted with 60μl of buffer (10 mM Tris [pH 7,5]).
To have a tool for a fast and reliable identification of single pure cultures, the PCR assay was combined with a fast DNA isolation procedure. Time-consuming enzymatic lysis procedures and variable susceptibility of bacteria to the lysozyme were overcome by ultrasonic treatment of the cells, with subsequent purification and concentration by binding DNA to a silica matrix. The cell material of a single colony was found to be sufficient for the PCR.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Müller, M. R. A. (2000): Characterization of the Microbial Ecosystem of Cereal Fermentations using Molecular Biological Methods. Dissertation University of Cologne, 2000.
Lactobacillus strains: L. pontis, L. sanfranciscensis, L. farciminis, L. panis, L. oris, L. vaginalis and L. reuteri, L. sp.
Procedure: For the DNA isolation of single colonies, an ultrasonic lysis protocol was developed. One colony (2- to 3-mm diameter) was suspended in 100μl lysis buffer (20 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris [pH 7.9], 1% Triton X-100, 500 mM guanidine-HCl, 250 mM NaCl). Cells were lysed by 1 min of ultrasonication with an probe-type ultrasonicator UP50H. After the addition of 150μl of cold ethanol (-20°C), the mixture was centrifuged over a spin column of the QIAamp tissue kit and finally eluted with 60μl of buffer (10 mM Tris [pH 7,5]).
To have a tool for a fast and reliable identification of single pure cultures, the PCR assay was combined with a fast DNA isolation procedure. Time-consuming enzymatic lysis procedures and variable susceptibility of bacteria to the lysozyme were overcome by ultrasonic treatment of the cells, with subsequent purification and concentration by binding DNA to a silica matrix. The cell material of a single colony was found to be sufficient for the PCR.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Müller, M. R. A. (2000): Characterization of the Microbial Ecosystem of Cereal Fermentations using Molecular Biological Methods. Dissertation University of Cologne, 2000.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Gr+
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Lactobacillus acidophilus Gr+ in milk and juices.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zenker, M.; Heinz, V.; Knorr, D. (2003): Application of ultrasound assisted thermal processing for preservation and quality retention of liquid foods. J Food Prot 66/2003. pp. 1642–1649.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Lactobacillus acidophilus Gr+ in milk and juices.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Zenker, M.; Heinz, V.; Knorr, D. (2003): Application of ultrasound assisted thermal processing for preservation and quality retention of liquid foods. J Food Prot 66/2003. pp. 1642–1649.
Legionella pneumophila Gr+ in diluted medium
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Gr+ in diluted medium.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Dadjour, M. F.; Ogino, C.; Matsumura, S.; Nakamura, S.; Shimizu N. (2006): Disinfection of Legionella pneumophila by ultrasonic treatment with TiO2. Water Res 40/2006. pp.1137–1142.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Gr+ in diluted medium.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Dadjour, M. F.; Ogino, C.; Matsumura, S.; Nakamura, S.; Shimizu N. (2006): Disinfection of Legionella pneumophila by ultrasonic treatment with TiO2. Water Res 40/2006. pp.1137–1142.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Ultrasonic application:
Leukocyte lysozme activity in myelocytic leukemia: the cell suspension was sonicated for 15 min. and samples assayed for lysozyme activity. The lysozyme concentration of the leukocytes ug./10 cells were determined.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Leukocyte lysozme activity in myelocytic leukemia: the cell suspension was sonicated for 15 min. and samples assayed for lysozyme activity. The lysozyme concentration of the leukocytes ug./10 cells were determined.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Leukocytic isozym activity in myelocytic leukemia
Ultrasonic application:
Sample preparation: cell suspension was ultrasonically treated and samples assayed for lysozyme activity. The lysozyme concentration of the leukocytes ug/106 was determined.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Sample preparation: cell suspension was ultrasonically treated and samples assayed for lysozyme activity. The lysozyme concentration of the leukocytes ug/106 was determined.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
liposomit
Ultrasonic application:
Formation of SUVs
Klikkaa tästä lukeaksesi lisää ultraääniliposomivalmisteesta!
Device Recommendation:
UP50H; 3 cycles of 5 min; in an ice bath.
Formation of SUVs
Klikkaa tästä lukeaksesi lisää ultraääniliposomivalmisteesta!
Device Recommendation:
UP50H; 3 cycles of 5 min; in an ice bath.
Malachite Green
Ultrasonic application:
Sonophotocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green (a strong bactericide): The photocatalytic degradation alone is considerably faster than sonolytic degradation, efficiency can be improved by coupling the two processes. Malachite green, a strong bactericide, is very ecotoxic to marine bacteria but it is converted to organics that are less or not toxic.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Sonophotocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green (a strong bactericide): The photocatalytic degradation alone is considerably faster than sonolytic degradation, efficiency can be improved by coupling the two processes. Malachite green, a strong bactericide, is very ecotoxic to marine bacteria but it is converted to organics that are less or not toxic.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Mangiferin acylation
Ultrasonic application:
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]xanthen-9-one; formula: C19H18O11)is a polyphenol of C-glycosylxanthone structure that can be found in many plant species. Mangiferin shows various pharmacological activities. The regioselective acylation of mangiferin can be very efficiently catalyzed by lipase under ultrasonication. Compared with the conventional methods, the ultrasonically-assisted catalysis excels by the advantages of shorter reaction time and higher yields. The optimum conditions for the ultrasonic mangiferin acylation were found as following:
lipase: PCL, acyl donor: vinyl acetate; reaction solvent: DMSO, reaction temperature: 45 degC, ultrasonic power: 200W; substrate ratio: acyl donor/mangiferin 6/1, enzyme loading: 6 mg/ml
The regioselective acylation yield was up to 84%.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St tai UP200Ht
Reference/ Research Paper:
cp.: Wang, Z.; Wang, R.; Tian, J.; Zhao, B; Wei, X.F.; Su, Y.L.; Li, C.Y.; Cao, S.G.; Wang, L. (2010): The effect of ultrasound on lipase-catalyzed regioselective acylation of mangiferin in non-aqueous solvents. J. Asian Nat Prod. Res. 12/1, 2010. 56-63.
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]xanthen-9-one; formula: C19H18O11)is a polyphenol of C-glycosylxanthone structure that can be found in many plant species. Mangiferin shows various pharmacological activities. The regioselective acylation of mangiferin can be very efficiently catalyzed by lipase under ultrasonication. Compared with the conventional methods, the ultrasonically-assisted catalysis excels by the advantages of shorter reaction time and higher yields. The optimum conditions for the ultrasonic mangiferin acylation were found as following:
lipase: PCL, acyl donor: vinyl acetate; reaction solvent: DMSO, reaction temperature: 45 degC, ultrasonic power: 200W; substrate ratio: acyl donor/mangiferin 6/1, enzyme loading: 6 mg/ml
The regioselective acylation yield was up to 84%.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St tai UP200Ht
Reference/ Research Paper:
cp.: Wang, Z.; Wang, R.; Tian, J.; Zhao, B; Wei, X.F.; Su, Y.L.; Li, C.Y.; Cao, S.G.; Wang, L. (2010): The effect of ultrasound on lipase-catalyzed regioselective acylation of mangiferin in non-aqueous solvents. J. Asian Nat Prod. Res. 12/1, 2010. 56-63.
Molecules extraction
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction protocol for extraction from gypsum, rheolite, basalt, edfell ash and obsidian glass:
A 1g sample of regolith or crushed rock is subject to liquid extraction under ultrasonic irradiation to extract and solubilise target molecules. Therefore, 3ml MeOH P80 was added to 1g analogue sample in a glass test tube and sonicated for 20 minutes with an ultrasonic probe-type device UP50H set at 40% amplitude. The mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and the cloudy supernatant that had formed above the sedimented analogue sample was decanted into 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes. To minimize loss of extracted components by adsorption to surfaces of the hydrophobic polymer centrifuge tubes, the tubes were first blocked with 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.4. The supernatants were clarified by centrifugation at 17000 G for 10 minutes and stored at 2 – 8°C in glass vials until tested in the immunoassay.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Rix, C.(2012): Detecting Life on Mars and the Life Marker Chip: Antibody Assays for Detecting Organic Molecules in Liquid Extracts of Martian Samples. Dissertation Cranfield University 2012.
Extraction protocol for extraction from gypsum, rheolite, basalt, edfell ash and obsidian glass:
A 1g sample of regolith or crushed rock is subject to liquid extraction under ultrasonic irradiation to extract and solubilise target molecules. Therefore, 3ml MeOH P80 was added to 1g analogue sample in a glass test tube and sonicated for 20 minutes with an ultrasonic probe-type device UP50H set at 40% amplitude. The mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and the cloudy supernatant that had formed above the sedimented analogue sample was decanted into 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes. To minimize loss of extracted components by adsorption to surfaces of the hydrophobic polymer centrifuge tubes, the tubes were first blocked with 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.4. The supernatants were clarified by centrifugation at 17000 G for 10 minutes and stored at 2 – 8°C in glass vials until tested in the immunoassay.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Rix, C.(2012): Detecting Life on Mars and the Life Marker Chip: Antibody Assays for Detecting Organic Molecules in Liquid Extracts of Martian Samples. Dissertation Cranfield University 2012.
Mouse liver pellets
Ultrasonic application:
The pellets were washed and sonicated for 5 min with a further 0.5 mL of LB2 and centrifuged at 12,000 g for another 20 min, and the resulting two fractions of supernatant were collected. Finally, the pellets were dissolved with 0.5 mL of buffer containing 40 mM tris base, 5 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% CHAPS, 100 mM DTT, 0.5% (v/v) biolyte 3-10 (LB3), and were sonicated and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 20 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 5min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Gazzana et al. (2009): An update on mouse liver proteome.
The pellets were washed and sonicated for 5 min with a further 0.5 mL of LB2 and centrifuged at 12,000 g for another 20 min, and the resulting two fractions of supernatant were collected. Finally, the pellets were dissolved with 0.5 mL of buffer containing 40 mM tris base, 5 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% CHAPS, 100 mM DTT, 0.5% (v/v) biolyte 3-10 (LB3), and were sonicated and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 20 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 5min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Gazzana et al. (2009): An update on mouse liver proteome.
Mouse liver suspension
Ultrasonic application:
Sample homogenization to produce cell lysate.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 3 x 20 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Gazzana et al. (2009): An update on mouse liver proteome.
Sample homogenization to produce cell lysate.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 3 x 20 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Gazzana et al. (2009): An update on mouse liver proteome.
Penicillium digitatum
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Penicillium digitatum (a plant pathogen) in Sabouraud growth medium.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
López-Malo, A.; Palou, E.; Jiménez-Fernández, M.; Alzamora, S. M.; Guerrero, S. (2005): Multifactorial fungal inactivation combining thermosonication and antimicrobials. J. Food Eng. 67/ 2005. pp. 87–93.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Penicillium digitatum (a plant pathogen) in Sabouraud growth medium.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
López-Malo, A.; Palou, E.; Jiménez-Fernández, M.; Alzamora, S. M.; Guerrero, S. (2005): Multifactorial fungal inactivation combining thermosonication and antimicrobials. J. Food Eng. 67/ 2005. pp. 87–93.
Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis)
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) cells.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) cells.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Plant cells and plant tissue
Ultrasonic application:
30% packed plant cells (W/V) and distilled water are disrupted by sonication for 1-15 min.; plant tissue disintegration: 1 g dried tissue suspended in alcohol is disintegrated during sonication of about 5 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
30% packed plant cells (W/V) and distilled water are disrupted by sonication for 1-15 min.; plant tissue disintegration: 1 g dried tissue suspended in alcohol is disintegrated during sonication of about 5 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Platelets
Ultrasonic application:
Platelet lysate preparation: Disruption in 1-5 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200Ht
Platelet lysate preparation: Disruption in 1-5 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP200Ht
Pleurotus tuberregium
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of polysaccharides from the edible fungus Pleurotus tuberregium
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of polysaccharides from the edible fungus Pleurotus tuberregium
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
Ultrasonic application:
Preparation of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)by sonication in 40 sec.
Device Recommendation:
Dmini; for 40sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Freitas et al. (2005): Flow-through ultrasonic emulsification combined with static micromixing for aseptic production of microspheres by solvent extraction.
Preparation of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)by sonication in 40 sec.
Device Recommendation:
Dmini; for 40sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Freitas et al. (2005): Flow-through ultrasonic emulsification combined with static micromixing for aseptic production of microspheres by solvent extraction.
Polyphenols from apple
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from apple. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 6%; sonication intensity: 20-75Ws/ml; process temp.: heated to 80 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from apple. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 6%; sonication intensity: 20-75Ws/ml; process temp.: heated to 80 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Polyphenols from black tea
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from black tea. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 6-18%; sonication intensity: 8-10Ws/ml; ambient pressure, process temp.: heated to 90 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from black tea. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 6-18%; sonication intensity: 8-10Ws/ml; ambient pressure, process temp.: heated to 90 degC.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Polyphenols from red grape marc
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from red grape marc. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 11-35%; sonication intensity: 20-75Ws/ml; ambient pressure.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from red grape marc. Solvent: aqueous. Increased yield by 11-35%; sonication intensity: 20-75Ws/ml; ambient pressure.
Device Recommendation:
UIP2000hd
Reference/ Research Paper:
Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Polyphenols, amino acid and caffeine from green tea
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of active compounds from Green Tea in water
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Extraction of active compounds from Green Tea in water
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Pork: Brining of pork loins
Ultrasonic application:
For ultrasonically assisted brining, pork loins (Longissimus dorsi) were immersed in sodium chloride brine (40 g L−1) and treated at 5°C with low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) at low-intensity (2–4 W/cm−2). The effect of the ultrasonic assisted curing on porcine tissue microstructure, protein denaturation, water-binding capacity (WBC), water-holding capacity (WHC), sodium chloride diffusion coefficient (D) and on meat textural profile (TPA) was investigated. Results showed that the ultrasonic treatment caused favourable microstructural changes in meat tissue. Water-holding capacity and textural properties were improved by ultrasonic treatment compared to both tumbled and static brined samples. However, these positive effects were highly dependent on ultrasonic intensity. Higher intensities and/or longer treatment times caused denaturation of proteins. The constant diffusion coefficient model was able to describe precisely the NaCl diffusion kinetics during brining. Ultrasonic treatment significantly enhanced the diffusion of salt compared to samples brined under static conditions and diffusion coefficient exponentially increased with increased ultrasonic intensity.
Device Recommendation:
UP200Ht with sonotrode S26d40
Reference/ Research Paper:
Siro, I.; Ven, Cs.; Balla, Cs.; Jonas, G.; Zeke, I.; Friedrich, L. (2009): Application of an ultrasonic assisted curing technique for improving the diffusion of sodium chloride in porcine meat. Journal of Food Engineering 91/2, 2009. 353–362.
For ultrasonically assisted brining, pork loins (Longissimus dorsi) were immersed in sodium chloride brine (40 g L−1) and treated at 5°C with low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) at low-intensity (2–4 W/cm−2). The effect of the ultrasonic assisted curing on porcine tissue microstructure, protein denaturation, water-binding capacity (WBC), water-holding capacity (WHC), sodium chloride diffusion coefficient (D) and on meat textural profile (TPA) was investigated. Results showed that the ultrasonic treatment caused favourable microstructural changes in meat tissue. Water-holding capacity and textural properties were improved by ultrasonic treatment compared to both tumbled and static brined samples. However, these positive effects were highly dependent on ultrasonic intensity. Higher intensities and/or longer treatment times caused denaturation of proteins. The constant diffusion coefficient model was able to describe precisely the NaCl diffusion kinetics during brining. Ultrasonic treatment significantly enhanced the diffusion of salt compared to samples brined under static conditions and diffusion coefficient exponentially increased with increased ultrasonic intensity.
Device Recommendation:
UP200Ht with sonotrode S26d40
Reference/ Research Paper:
Siro, I.; Ven, Cs.; Balla, Cs.; Jonas, G.; Zeke, I.; Friedrich, L. (2009): Application of an ultrasonic assisted curing technique for improving the diffusion of sodium chloride in porcine meat. Journal of Food Engineering 91/2, 2009. 353–362.
Porphyra yezoensis
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic degradation of polysaccharides from Porphyra yezoensis: 50mL of 1.0 g/100mL porphyra yezoensis polysaccarides (dry weight) solution have been sonicated for 4 hr with an UP400S.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; pulsed ultrasound (cycles: 2 sec on/ 2 sec off) at 20°C.
Ultrasonic degradation of polysaccharides from Porphyra yezoensis: 50mL of 1.0 g/100mL porphyra yezoensis polysaccarides (dry weight) solution have been sonicated for 4 hr with an UP400S.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; pulsed ultrasound (cycles: 2 sec on/ 2 sec off) at 20°C.
Powders
Ultrasonic application:
Grinding, deagglomeration and dispersion to small, relativley uniform particle size.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Grinding, deagglomeration and dispersion to small, relativley uniform particle size.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Rat bones
Rat liver
Ultrasonic application:
Disruption and tissue homogenization with an UP400S.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; 3 times for 30 sec.; on ice.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Oh et al. (2003): Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Gene Is Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 in Liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003.
Disruption and tissue homogenization with an UP400S.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S; 3 times for 30 sec.; on ice.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Oh et al. (2003): Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Gene Is Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-1 in Liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003.
Rat skin
Rawolfia Serpentina
Rebaudioside A
Ultrasonic application:
Samples of 10g dry and ground stevia leaves were extracted in 100mL water under continuous stirring (with a magnetic stirrer). The pH value was controlled with 0.01 M pH 7 sodium phosphate. The sample was put in a 150 mL glass beaker and sonicated with an probe-type ultrasonicator (UIP500hd, 20kHz, 500W). The tip of the sonotrode was immersed about 1.5 cm into the slurry of stevia leaves. The ultrasonic device was set for a power output of 350W. A mild sonication treatment of 350 W for 5-10 min. at a constant process temperature of 30°C gave a rebaudioside A yield of 30-34g per 100g sample. After sonication, the extract solution was centrifuged and filtered off through 0.45 μm microporous membrane; the filtrate was taken for total rebaudioside A content analysis. The extraction yield of total rebaudioside A content was analyzed by HPLC.
By the solvent-free ultrasonically-assisted extraction, a high yield of rebaudioside A was obtained in comparison to traditional extraction methods such as heat extraction or maceration.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Samples of 10g dry and ground stevia leaves were extracted in 100mL water under continuous stirring (with a magnetic stirrer). The pH value was controlled with 0.01 M pH 7 sodium phosphate. The sample was put in a 150 mL glass beaker and sonicated with an probe-type ultrasonicator (UIP500hd, 20kHz, 500W). The tip of the sonotrode was immersed about 1.5 cm into the slurry of stevia leaves. The ultrasonic device was set for a power output of 350W. A mild sonication treatment of 350 W for 5-10 min. at a constant process temperature of 30°C gave a rebaudioside A yield of 30-34g per 100g sample. After sonication, the extract solution was centrifuged and filtered off through 0.45 μm microporous membrane; the filtrate was taken for total rebaudioside A content analysis. The extraction yield of total rebaudioside A content was analyzed by HPLC.
By the solvent-free ultrasonically-assisted extraction, a high yield of rebaudioside A was obtained in comparison to traditional extraction methods such as heat extraction or maceration.
Device Recommendation:
UIP500hd
Rice starch
Ultrasonic application:
Disruption, starch isolation, and break of noncovalent bonds between protein and starch in a rice flour slurry (33%) in 20 – 40 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP500hd; 20 – 40 min.
Disruption, starch isolation, and break of noncovalent bonds between protein and starch in a rice flour slurry (33%) in 20 – 40 min.
Device Recommendation:
UP500hd; 20 – 40 min.
Rotifers
Ultrasonic application:
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 58 and 85% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UP2000 with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, ultraviolet light, ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide as ballast water treatments – Experiments with mesozooplankton in low-saline brackish water. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 8(1), 35-55.
Cell disruption of mesozooplankton: by sonication under following conditions of four flow rates (200, 400, 520 and 800lh-1) and four amplitudes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) a killing rate between 58 and 85% has been achieved.
Device Recommendation:
UP2000 with flow cell
Reference/ Research Paper:
Viitaslo et al. (2005): Ozone, ultraviolet light, ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide as ballast water treatments – Experiments with mesozooplankton in low-saline brackish water. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 8(1), 35-55.
S. fragilis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ultrasonic application:
hajaannus
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Guerrero, S,; López-Malo, A.; Alzamora, S. M. (2001): Effect of ultrasound on the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: influence of temperature, pH and amplitude. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg Technol. 2/2001. pp. 31–39.
hajaannus
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Guerrero, S,; López-Malo, A.; Alzamora, S. M. (2001): Effect of ultrasound on the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: influence of temperature, pH and amplitude. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg Technol. 2/2001. pp. 31–39.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Sabouraud growth medium and in saline.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Yap, A.; Jiranek, V.; Grbin, P.; Barnes, M.; Bates, D. (2007): Studies on the application of high power ultrasonics for barrel and plank cleaning and disinfection. Austr. NZ Wine Indust. J. 22(3)/ 2007. pp. 96–104.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Sabouraud growth medium and in saline.
Device Recommendation:
UP400S
Reference/ Research Paper:
Yap, A.; Jiranek, V.; Grbin, P.; Barnes, M.; Bates, D. (2007): Studies on the application of high power ultrasonics for barrel and plank cleaning and disinfection. Austr. NZ Wine Indust. J. 22(3)/ 2007. pp. 96–104.
Saffron, crocus sativus
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of active compounds (flavors and color agents).
Click here to read more about the extraction from saffron!
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Kadkhodaee et al. (2007): Ultrasonic Extraction of Active Compounds from Saffron. Acta Hortic. 739, 2007. 417-425.
Extraction of active compounds (flavors and color agents).
Click here to read more about the extraction from saffron!
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Kadkhodaee et al. (2007): Ultrasonic Extraction of Active Compounds from Saffron. Acta Hortic. 739, 2007. 417-425.
Salmonella Senftenberg 775W Gr-
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W Gr- in McIlvaine citrate-phosphate buffer or nutrient broth.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Álvarez, I.; Manas, P.; Virto, R.; Condón, S. (2006): Inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W by ultrasonic waves under pressure at different water activities. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108/2006. pp. 218–225.
Ultrasonic inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W Gr- in McIlvaine citrate-phosphate buffer or nutrient broth.
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Reference/ Research Paper:
Álvarez, I.; Manas, P.; Virto, R.; Condón, S. (2006): Inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W by ultrasonic waves under pressure at different water activities. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108/2006. pp. 218–225.
Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of biological active compounds: sodium Danshensu and four tanshinones (dihydrotanshione I, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA).
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Extraction of biological active compounds: sodium Danshensu and four tanshinones (dihydrotanshione I, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA).
Device Recommendation:
UP100H
Salvia Officinalis
Ultrasonic application:
Extraction of active compounds from Salvia Officinalis (sage) in less than 2hr.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
Extraction of active compounds from Salvia Officinalis (sage) in less than 2hr.
Device Recommendation:
UP50H
seerumi
Sheep cystic livers, lungs and positive blood (Echinococcus granulosus antigens)
Ultrasonic application:
Sheep cystic livers, lungs and positive blood (Echinococcus granulosus antigens in lambs): The sample was then sonicated for 2 × 15 sec on ice until no intact protoscolices were visible.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 2 x 15 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tabar et al. (2009): Antibody response against hydatid fluid, protoscolex and whole body of Echinococcus granulosus antigens in lambs. Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 10, Issue 3; 2009. 283-288.
Sheep cystic livers, lungs and positive blood (Echinococcus granulosus antigens in lambs): The sample was then sonicated for 2 × 15 sec on ice until no intact protoscolices were visible.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; 2 x 15 sec.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Tabar et al. (2009): Antibody response against hydatid fluid, protoscolex and whole body of Echinococcus granulosus antigens in lambs. Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 10, Issue 3; 2009. 283-288.
Sorbitant Trioleate, ethanol (as solvent) and Bi-2212 powder
Ultrasonic application:
Deagglomerate a slurry containing the dispersant Sorbitant Trioleate, ethanol (as solvent) and Bi-2212 powder.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 3 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Mora et al. (2009): Fabrication of Superconducting Coatings on Structural Ceramic Tiles.
Deagglomerate a slurry containing the dispersant Sorbitant Trioleate, ethanol (as solvent) and Bi-2212 powder.
Device Recommendation:
UP200S; for 3 min.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Mora et al. (2009): Fabrication of Superconducting Coatings on Structural Ceramic Tiles.
Soy isoflavones
Ultrasonic application:
ultrasonic extraction of soy isoflavones in water and solvent. Increased yield of up to 15% in extraction efficiency.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
Rostagno et al. (2003), referenced by Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
ultrasonic extraction of soy isoflavones in water and solvent. Increased yield of up to 15% in extraction efficiency.
Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Reference/ Research Paper:
Rostagno et al. (2003), referenced by Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Soy protein
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic extraction of soy protein in water and alkali (sodium hydroxide). Increased yield by 53%. Inline sonication was found more efficient as batch extraction (inline sonication gave a 23% higher yield than batch sonication).
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd for batch/ beaker and with flow cell reactor for inline sonication.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Moulton and Wang (1982), referenced by Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Ultrasonic extraction of soy protein in water and alkali (sodium hydroxide). Increased yield by 53%. Inline sonication was found more efficient as batch extraction (inline sonication gave a 23% higher yield than batch sonication).
Device Recommendation:
UIP1000hd for batch/ beaker and with flow cell reactor for inline sonication.
Reference/ Research Paper:
Moulton and Wang (1982), referenced by Vilkhu, K.; Manasseh, R.; Mawson, R.; Ashokkumar, M. (2011): Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food ingredients. In: Feng/ Barbosa-Cánovas/ Weiss (2011): Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 345-368.
Sperm heads (human)
Sperm tails (human)
Stevia rebaudiana Bert.
Ultrasonic application:
Ultrasonic extraction of stevioside glycoside from samples of 10 g of dry leaves from Stevia rebaudiana with four particles sizes (0.315 mm, 2 mm, 6.3 mm and crushed dry leaves) were mixed with different solvents: distilled water and water/ethanol mixtures (55% and 70%) with different sample weight to solvent volume ratios: 1/10, 1/8, 1/5 (w/v) then exposed to ultrasound at room temperature. Sonication time: < 5 min. Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Ultrasonic extraction of stevioside glycoside from samples of 10 g of dry leaves from Stevia rebaudiana with four particles sizes (0.315 mm, 2 mm, 6.3 mm and crushed dry leaves) were mixed with different solvents: distilled water and water/ethanol mixtures (55% and 70%) with different sample weight to solvent volume ratios: 1/10, 1/8, 1/5 (w/v) then exposed to ultrasound at room temperature. Sonication time: < 5 min. Device Recommendation:
UP200St
Ota yhteyttä! / Kysy meiltä!
Tämä opetusohjelma selittää, minkä tyyppinen sonikaattori on paras näytteenvalmistustehtäviin, kuten lyysiin, solujen häiriöihin, proteiinien eristämiseen, DNA: n ja RNA: n pirstoutumiseen laboratorioissa, analyysiin ja tutkimukseen. Valitse ihanteellinen sonikaattorityyppi sovelluksellesi, näytteen määrälle, näytteen numerolle ja läpäisykyvylle. Hielscher Ultrasonicsilla on ihanteellinen ultraäänihomogenisaattori sinulle!
Kuinka löytää täydellinen sonikaattori solujen häiriöihin ja proteiinien uuttamiseen tieteessä ja analyysissä
High Performance Ultrasonicators for Any Size
Hielscher Ultrasonics cell disruptors and tissue homogenizers are available at any size for any volume. Whether you have to sonicate small sample sizes, mass samples such 96-well plates, mid-size volumes or truckloads per hour, our portfolio offer the ideal ultrasonicator for your application. Compact, hand-held ultrasonic homogenizers are optimal for lab and research, whilst our industrial series covers everything between 0,5kW to 16kW per ultrasonic processor. With the capability of being installed as clusters, with Hielscher ultrasonicators you can process virtually any volume. The robustness of Hielscher’s ultrasonic equipment allows for 24/7 operation at heavy duty and in demanding environments.
The sophisticated and smart software allows for highest process control and operator’s convenience. All sonication data are automatically recorded on a built-in SD-card. Other smart features include pre-setting and saving of sonication parameters, LAN connection, and browser remote control.
The table below gives you an indication of the approximate processing capacity of our lab-size sonicators for tissue homogenization and other sample preparation tasks:
| Suositellut laitteet | Erän tilavuus | Virtausnopeus |
|---|---|---|
| UIP400MTP 96-kuoppainen levysonikaattori | monikuoppa- / mikrotiitterilevyt | n.a. |
| Ultraääni CupHorn | CupHorn injektiopulloille tai dekantterilasille | n.a. |
| GDmini2 | ultraääni mikrovirtausreaktori | n.a. |
| VialTweeter | 0.5 - 1.5 ml | n.a. |
| UP100H | 1 - 500 ml | 10 - 200 ml / min |
| UP200Ht, UP200St | 10 - 1000ml | 20–200 ml/min |
| UP400St | 10 - 2000ml | 20–400 ml/min |
| Ultraääniseulan ravistin | n.a. | n.a. |
ultraäänilaite UP200Ht with 2mm microtip S26d2 for the sonication of small samples