Koronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2) və Ultrasoniklər

Bilmək lazımdır

SARS-CoV-2

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, also known as 2019-nCoV or novel coronavirus 2019, is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and spread from there across the world.
With a high infection / transmission rate, SARS-CoV-2 spreads mainly via droplet infection and fomite transmission. However, since virus particles can be found also in faeces, transmission via fecal–oral route is possible, too. The main route of human to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is by having close contact to infected persons: Respiratory droplets generated by sneezing and coughing of an infected person are inhaled by others, so that they get subsequently infected.
Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 attach to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which are mainly found in the lungs (and to a smaller degree in the heart, intestines, arteries, and kidney). The coronavirus spike proteins (S-proteins / glycoproteins), which protrude from the coronavirus’ envelope, bind to the ACE2 receptor, fuse with the host cell membrane and enter this way the host cell. Like all viruses, coronaviruses use the host cell to replicate their genome and create thereby new virus particles.
Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Unlike influenza viruses, the coronavirus is a unsegmented virus. SARS-CoV-2 has relatively short genome made of just one long strand of genetic molecules. This means that SARS-CoV-2 viruses consist of one segment, only. Influenza viruses, which are RNA viruses like the coronaviruses, have a segmented genome consisting of eight genome segments. This gives the influenza virus a special ability for recombination / mutation.

Coronaviruses

The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae, Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae.
Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In human population, coronavirus infection results in respiratory tract infections. Such respiratory tract infections can have mild effects, expressed as common cold (e.g. rhinoviruses), whilst other coronavirus infections can be lethal, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019).

Human Coronaviruses

Concerning human coronaviruses , seven strains are known. Four of these seven coronavirus strains provoke generally mild symptoms, known as the common cold:

• Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
• Human coronavirus HKU1
• Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
• Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)

The coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 circulate permanently in the human population and cause generally mid respiratory infections in adults and children worldwide.
However, the three coronavirus strains below are known for their severe symptoms:

• Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), also known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV / SARS-classic)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019-nCoV or novel coronavirus 2019