パラジウムナノ粒子のソノケミカル還元
Palladium (Pd) is well known for its catalytic properties and is also widely used in materials research, electronics manufacturing, medicine, hydrogen purification, and various chemical applications. Using a sonochemical route, the size and morphology of palladium particles can be controlled by adjusting the PVP/Pd ratio. This enables the ultrasonic synthesis of either very fine, monodisperse nanoparticles or larger palladium aggregates, allowing particle dimensions to be tailored for optimal catalytic performance.
超音波によるパラジウム・ナノ粒子の製造
Ultrasonic palladium nanoparticle reduction offers a fast, reagent-efficient route to Pd(0) nanoparticles by using acoustic cavitation to generate localized high-energy conditions and reducing radicals in solution, enabling palladium ions to be reduced without conventional high-temperature processing.
A key advantage is process control: sonication time and stabilizer concentration, such as the PVP/Pd ratio, can influence whether the product forms as well-dispersed, rounded nanoparticles around 5 nm or as larger aggregates around 20 nm, which is industrially relevant because palladium performance in catalysis depends strongly on particle size, morphology, dispersion, and surface area. Since palladium nanoparticles are widely valuable as heterogeneous catalysts, electrocatalysts, and functional materials, ultrasonic reduction is attractive for producing finely dispersed Pd catalysts under comparatively mild liquid-phase conditions, with potential benefits for chemical synthesis, environmental catalysis, fuel-cell technologies, and other processes where high catalytic activity and efficient noble-metal utilization are economically important.
Industrial nanoparticle processing ソニケーターUIP2000hdT付き
Sample Preparation Procedure
サンプルは以下のように調製した：
サンプルは、30mLのEGと5-10mLのEGの混合液とした。-6mol of PVP were preprared by magnetic stirring for 15 min. For the different samples, different amount of Pd(NO₃)₂ solution, 1.5mL and 2mL, were added. The sample mixtures were prepared with the ratio of 2·10-3mol Pd(NO₃)₂ in sample (a) and 2.66·10-3mol Pd(NO₃)₂ in sample (b). Both mixtures were sonicated in a 20mL vial using a probe-type ultrasonicator. Samples were taken after sonication times of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min.
実験結果を分析するとこうなる：
- 1.Pd(II)からPd(0)への超音波化学的還元は、超音波処理時間に依存する。
- 2.PVP/Pd(II)モル比が高いと、丸みを帯びた形状で平均直径が約5nmの単分散パラジウム粒子が形成される。
- 3.しかし、PVP/Pd(II)モル比が低いと、20nmを中心とした大きな粒度分布を持つ凝集パラジウムナノ粒子が得られる。
超音波化学的手法によるパラジウムイオンの還元 パラジウム(II) パラジウム原子へ パラジウム(0) と仮定できる：
- (1) Water pyrolysis: H₂O → •OH+•H
- (2) Radical formation: RH (Reducing agent) + •OH(•H) → •R + H₂O(H₂)
- (3) イオン還元：Pd(II)＋還元性ラジカル（-H、-R）→Pd(0)＋R-CHO＋H+。
- (4) 粒子の形成： NPd(0) → Pdn
結果PVP/Pd(II)比に応じて、分散または凝集したPdN が得られた。
Sonochemical reduction of Palladium: sample a (left) contains a high amount of PVP, sample b (right) a low amount of PVP. Sonication time with UP100H: 180 min. Sample a shows mono dispersed Pd nano particles, sample b aggregated Pd nano particles.
Images and study: ©Nemamcha and Rehspringer, 2008
分析と結果
紫外可視吸収分析により、パラジウム(II)イオンのパラジウム(0)原子への超音波還元と超音波場での保持時間との関係が確認された。パラジウム(II)イオンのパラジウム(0)原子への還元は進行し、超音波照射時間の増加とともに完全に達成される。透過型電子顕微鏡（TEM）の顕微鏡写真から、以下のことがわかった：
- When a high amount of PVP is added, the sonochemical reduction of palladium ions leads to the formation of monodispersed palladium particles with spherical shape and a mean diameter of approx. 5nm.
- The use of a small quantity of PVP involves the obtaining of aggregates palladium nanoparticles. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements reveal that the palladium nanoparticles aggregates have a large size distribution centered at 20nm.
The lab sonicator UP100H has been used for the preparation of palladium nano-particles.
パラジウム（Pd）ナノ粒子は超音波処理で調製できる
デザイン、製造、コンサルティング – 品質 ドイツ製
Hielscher社の超音波装置は、その最高の品質と設計基準でよく知られています。頑丈で操作が簡単なため、産業設備にスムーズに組み込むことができます。過酷な条件や厳しい環境でも、Hielscherの超音波装置は容易に対応できます。
Hielscher Ultrasonics社は、ISO認証取得企業であり、最先端の技術と使いやすさを特徴とする高性能超音波振動子に特に重点を置いています。もちろん、Hielscherの超音波装置はCEに準拠しており、UL、CSA、RoHsの要件を満たしています。
文献／参考文献
- Nemamcha, A.; Rehspringer, J. L. (2008): Morphology of dispersed and aggregated PVV-Pd nanoparticles prepared by ultrasonic irradiation of Pd(NO₃)₂ solution in ethylene glycol. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 18;2008. 685-688.
- Prekob, Á., Muránszky, G., Kocserha, I. et al. (2020): Sonochemical Deposition of Palladium Nanoparticles Onto the Surface of N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes: A Simplified One-Step Catalyst Production Method. Catalysis Letters 150, 2020. 505–513.
- Haitao Zheng, Mphoma S. Matseke, Tshimangadzo S. Munonde (2019): The unique Pd@Pt/C core-shell nanoparticles as methanol-tolerant catalysts using sonochemical synthesis. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Volume 57, 2019. 166-171.
知っておくべき事実
What is Palladium?
Palladium is a rare, silvery-white precious metal with the chemical symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It belongs to the platinum-group metals and is valued because it is chemically stable, conducts electricity, absorbs hydrogen, and acts as an excellent catalyst. Finely divided palladium is especially effective for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, and heated palladium can allow hydrogen to diffuse through it, which makes it useful for hydrogen separation and purification.
What are Palladium Nanoparticles Used for?
Palladium nanoparticles are used mainly as high-surface-area catalysts. Because nanoparticles expose far more active surface area than bulk palladium, they can improve catalyst efficiency and reduce the amount of expensive noble metal required. Typical applications include chemical synthesis, hydrogenation reactions, carbon–carbon coupling reactions, electrocatalysis, fuel-cell research, hydrogen sensing and storage, environmental catalysis, and some biomedical research areas such as antimicrobial, photothermal, and anticancer systems. Palladium catalytic behavior depends strongly on particle size, morphology, and dispersion.
Palladium nanoparticles are also used to dope other particles in order to achieve catalytic functionalities. Read more about the ultrasonic pathway to synthesize Pd/N-BCNT as Fischer-Tropsch catalyst!
Is Palladium Toxic?
Elemental metallic palladium is generally considered to have low toxicity and no known biological role, but palladium compounds, salts, dusts, and nanoscale forms should be handled carefully. Occupational or laboratory exposure can cause irritation or sensitization depending on the compound and route of exposure, and palladium chloride solutions, for example, may irritate mucous membranes. For industrial handling, the practical answer is: bulk metallic palladium is relatively low-risk, but palladium powders, soluble palladium salts, and palladium nanoparticles should be treated as potentially hazardous materials, with dust control, ventilation, gloves, eye protection, and proper waste handling.