Ukusabela kwe-Sonochemical kanye ne-synthesis

I-Sonochemistry yi-application ye-ultrasound ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali nezinqubo. Inqubo eyenza imiphumela ye-sonochemical in oketshezi yiyona yinto ye-acoustic cavitation.

Ama-Hielscher ama-laborator we-ultrasonic elebhu kanye nezimboni asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo ze-sonochemical. I-Ultrasonic cavitation iyaqina futhi isheshise ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunjengokuqamba kanye ne-catalysis.

Ukusabela kwe-Sonochemical

Imiphumela elandelayo ye-sonochemical ingabonakala ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali nezinqubo:

• ukwandisa ngesivinini sokuphendula
• ukwanda kokukhipha okwenziwe
• ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu kwamandla
• Izindlela zesimiso se-sonochemical for switching reaction reaction
• ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wezinsiza zokudluliswa kwesigaba
• ukugwema izidakamizwa zokudluliswa kwesigaba
• ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents angcolile noma ezobuchwepheshe
• ukuvuselelwa kwezitshalo kanye nokuqina
• ukwandisa ekusebenzeni kabusha kwama-reagents noma ama-catalysts (chofoza lapha ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-catalysis esekelwa nge-ultrasonically)
• ukuthuthukiswa kwe-particle synthesis
• ukumbozwa kwama-nanoparticles

I-Ultrasonic Cavitation ku-Liquids

I-cavitation, yilapho isakhiwe, ukukhula, kanye nokuwa kwe-bubbles ku-liquid. Ukuwa kwe-cavitational kuveza ukushisa okukhulu kwendawo (~ 5000 K), izingcindezi eziphakeme (~ ~ 1000 atm), kanye nokushisa okukhulu nokupholisa (>109 K / sec) kanye nemifudlana ye-jet liquid (~ ~ 400 km / h). (Suslick 1998)

Ama-bubbles e-cavitation awamabhulebhu ahlanzekile. I-vacuum yenziwa ngokushelela okusheshayo ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye noketshezi lwe-inert komunye. Ukuhlukana okucindezelayo okuholela ekutheni kunqobe amandla okubumbana nokunamathela ngaphakathi ketshezi.

I-cavitation ingakhiwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengezitshalo ze-Venturi, izibhamu eziphezulu zomshoshaphansi, ukujikeleza okuphezulu kwe-velocity, noma i-transducers ye-ultrasonic. Kuzo zonke lezo zindlela amandla okufakelwa aguqulwa abe ngumbimbi, ama-turbulences, amagagasi kanye ne-cavitation. Ingxenyana yamandla okufaka okuguqulwa ibe cavitation incike ezintweni eziningana ezichaza ukuhamba kwemishini yokukhiqiza i-cavitation eketsheni.

Ukuqina kokusheshisa kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithonya ukuguqulwa okunamandla kwamandla abe yi-cavitation. Ukusheshisa okuphakeme kudala umehluko ophezulu wokucindezela. Lokhu nakho kwandisa amathuba okudalwa kwamabhulebhu okugcoba esikhundleni sokudalwa kwamagagasi asakazeka kulokhu oketshezi. Ngakho-ke, okuphakemeyo ukusheshisa okuphakemeyo yingxenyana yamandla okuguqulwa ibe cavitation. Uma kwenzeka i-transducer ye-ultrasonic, ukuqina kokusheshisa kuchazwa yi-amplitude ye-oscillation.

Ama-amplitudes aphezulu aholela ekudalweni okuphumelelayo kwe-cavitation. Amadivayisi wezimboni ze-Hielscher Ultrasonics angakha ama-amplitudes angafika ku-115 μm. Lawa ma amplitudes aphezulu avumela ukuphakama kwamandla okuphakama okuphezulu okuvumela ukuthi udale ukuqina kwamandla okufika okufika ku-100 W / cm³.

Ngaphandle kokuqina, uketshezi kumele kuphuthumise ngendlela yokudala ukulahlekelwa okuncane ngokwemibhikisho ye-turbulences, ukushayisana nomswakama. Ngenxa yalokhu, indlela enhle yindlela yokuhamba ngokungahambisani.

I-Ultrasound isetshenziswa ngenxa yemiphumela yayo ezinkambisweni, njenge:

• ukulungiselela izinsimbi ezenziwe ngokunciphisa izinsalela zensimbi
• isizukulwane sensimbi esebenzayo nge sonication
• synthesis sonochemical of izinhlayiyana by imvula yensimbi (Fe, Cr, Mn, Co) oxides, isib for ukusetshenziswa njengoba catalysts
• ukufakwa kwezinto zensimbi noma i-metal halides ezisekelweni
• ukulungiswa kwezixazululo zensimbi ezisebenzayo
• ukusabela okubandakanya izinsimbi ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ze-organoelement ezikhiqizwa yi-situ
• ukusabela okubandakanya izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi
• i-crystallization kanye nezulu lezinsimbi, ama-alloys, i-zeolithe kanye nezinye izinto eziqinile
• ukuguqulwa kwe-surface morphology kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ngama-high velocity interparticle collisions
  • ukwakheka kwezinto zokwakha ezingenayo amorphous, okubandakanya izindawo eziphezulu zokuguqula izinsimbi, ama-alloys, i-carbides, i-oxydes nama-colloids
  • i-agglomeration yamakristalu
  • ukususa futhi ukususwa kwe-coated oxide coating
  • i-micromanipulation (i-fractionation) yezinhlayiyana ezincane
• ukusabalalisa kwama-solids
• ukulungiselela ama-colloids (Ag, Au, Q-C-Szed CdS)
• ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali ezakhamuzi zibe yizicabha ezingavamile
• sonochemistry of polymers
  • ukuchithwa nokuguqulwa kwama polymers
  • synthesis of polymers
• i-sonolysis yemvelo engcolile emanzini

Isikhali Sonochemical

Iningi lezinqubo ezikhulunywa nge-sonochemical zingenziwa kabusha ukuze zisebenze ngaphakathi. Sizojabula ukukusiza ekukhetheni imishini ye-sonochemical yezidingo zakho zokucubungula. Ukucwaninga nokuhlolwa kwezinqubo sincoma amadivayisi wethu we-laboratory noma I-UIP1000hdT isethiwe.

Uma kudingekile, amadivaysi e-ultrasonic aqinisekisiwe e-FM ne-ATEX (isb I-UIP1000-Exd) ziyatholakala ukuthola indodana yamakhemikhali afuthayo kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo ezindaweni eziyingozi.

I-Ultrasonic Cavitation Changes Ring-Ukuvula Ukuphendula

I-Ultrasonication iyindlela ehlukile yokushisa, ukucindezela, ukukhanya noma ugesi ukuqala ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. UJeffrey S. Moore, UCharles R. Hickenboth, kanye neqembu labo ku- I-Chemistry Faculty e-University of Illinois e-Urbana-Champaign isetshenzisiwe amandla ase-ultrasonic ukuqala futhi isebenzise ukusabela kokuvula. Ngaphansi kwe-sonication, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukile kulabo okubikezelwe yimithetho yokulinganisa i-orbital (Imvelo 2007, 446, 423). Leli qembu lixhumanisa ama-benzocyclobutene ama-1,2-disubstituted ne-benzocyclobutene ama-isomers amabili emaketangeni amabili e-polyethylene glycol, asebenzise amandla a-ultrasonic, futhi ahlaziya izixazululo eziningi ngokusebenzisa i-C¹³ i-spectroscopy ye-nuclear magnetic resonance. I-spectra ikhombise ukuthi kokubili ama-cis ne-trans isomer ahlinzeka ngomkhiqizo ofanayo ovuliwe, okulindeleke kusuka ku-isomer trans. Ngenkathi amandla okushisa abangela ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwe-Brownian we-reactants, amandla kagesi we-ultrasonication inikeza isiqondiso ekuhambeni kwe-athomu. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela ye-cavitational iqondisa ngokuphumelelayo amandla ngokususa i-molecule, ukubuyisela kabusha amandla angaphezu kwamandla.

Izincwadi

Suslick, KS (1998): I-Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ye-Chemical Technology; Umhlaka 4 J. Wiley & Amadodana: New York, 1998, vol. 26, 517-541.

Suslick, KS; Didenko, Y .; I-Fang, MM; I-Hyeon, T .; Kolbeck, KJ; McNamara, WB III; UMdlele, MM; Wong, M. (1999): I-Acoustic Cavitation Nemiphumela Yayo Yamakhemikhali, ku: Phil. I-Trans. Roy. I-Soc. A, 1999, 357, 335-353.