I-NOX-Ukunciphisa Amafutha / Amanzi-Emulsification

I-nitrogen oxides (CHA_x) yaziwa ukuthi iyingozi ngokushesha empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Imishini ye-diesel kanye ne-petroli yocingo ehamba phambili neyesitoreji inomthelela ikakhulukazi ku-NO emhlabeni jikelele_x ukuphuma. Ukufakwa amandla kaphethiloli ngamanzi kuyindlela yokunciphisa i-NO_x ukukhishwa kwezinjini. I-emulsification ye-ultrasonic iyindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza ama-emulsions amafutha amancane / amancane.

Izimoto namaloli, ama-aircrafts, ama-generator kagesi, ama-forklifts, ama-air conditioning amayunithi nama-boilers akhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinto eziyizinhlayiyana (PM) kanye NO_x ngokushisa kwemikhiqizo ye-petroleum. CHA_x ibhekisela kwimifino ye-nitric oxide (NO) ne-nitric dioxide (CHA₂) kanye N₂O, CHA₃, N₂O₄ no-N₂O₅. I-nitric oxide ne-nitric dioxide kunomthelela ekwindeni ephansi e-ozone, i-smog futhi ziyingozi emvelweni nakubantu. Umthethonqubo wezemvelo ukhuluma ngokukhishwa komoya okungcolile ukuqinisa imingcele. Ukukhishwa kwegesi nakho kufaka phakathi i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂) ngenxa yamakhemikhali esibabule. Le nkinga incishiswa yi-hydrodesulfurization noma i-desulfurization esebenzayo i-ultrasonically.

Ukugijima ku-Fuel / Emulsion Water

Phakathi neminyaka yamuva nje, umsebenzi omkhulu usuwenziwe kule ithonya lamanzi ku-CHA_x amazinga okuphuma. Amafutha ahlukahlukene: ukulinganisa kwamanzi okuphuma emanzini kusuka ku-1: 1 kuya ku-19: 1 kuye kwavivinywa izakhiwo zomlilo. Ezimweni eziningi, amaphesenti angu-1 kuya kweyesibili yamaphesenti angu-surfactant ayengeziwe ukuqiniswa kwe-emulsion.

Ingemuva kokushisa

Ukushisa kwephethiloli kwakha amandla okushisa nokusebenza. Ingxenyana ye-mechanical ingasetshenziswa ukushayela i-pistons noma ama-turbine ukuqhuma noma ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ezinjini eziningi, amandla okushisa awasetshenziswanga. Lokhu kubangela ukusebenza kahle kwe-thermodynamic.

Okungenani. 90% we-CHA_x okubangelwa inqubo yokushisa amafutha yi-CHA. I-NO isakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-oxidation ye-nitrogen ye-atmospheric (N₂). Amanzi afakwe emotshweni aphansi ekushiseni okushisa ngenxa yokuphuma kwamanzi. Uma amanzi e-emulsion yamanzi abizayo, amafutha aseduze aphefumulwa, futhi. Lokhu kwandisa indawo ebusayo. Ukushisa okuphansi kanye nokusabalalisa okungcono kwamafutha kuholela ku ukwakheka okuphansi kwe-CHA_x.

Ultrasonic Emulsification

Ukwethula amanzi ekushiseni kwamafutha kuye kwaboniswa emisebenzini eminingi wehlisa i-NO_x ukukhishwa. Amanzi anganezelwa ngokwenza i-emulsion yamafutha / amanzi ngezindlela ezimbili:

• engaqiniseki: emulsification eline-inline yamanzi ibe yi-fuel ngaphambi kokujova
• iqiniswe: ukwakhiwa kwe-emulsion epholile / yamanzi okumele isetshenziswe njenge-fuel-in in alternative fuel

Canfield (1999) ufingqa i-CHA_x ukunciphisa ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi nezinye izithasiselo:

• emulsion engaqinisekisiwe
  • Amanzi afaka amandla%: 10 kuya ku-80%
  • CHA_x ukunciphisa ngu: 4 kuya ku-60%
• emulsion eqinisiwe
  • Amanzi angeze ngemoto%: 25 kuya ku-50%
  • CHA_x ukunciphisa ngu: 22 kuya kuma-83%

Emulsion

I-emulsion iyinhlanganisela ngokuvamile iziqu ezingenakudliwa (izigaba), njengamafutha namanzi. Phakathi nenqubo ye-emulsification, isigaba sokusabalalisa (isib. Amanzi) sitholwa esigabeni samanzi (isib. Amafutha). Ngokusebenzisa ishear ephakeme, usayizi wezinhlayiya (= usayizi we-droplet) wesigaba sokuhlakazeka sincishisiwe. Ecincane ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana, ukusimama okungaphezu kwe-emulsion eyenziwe. Ukuzinza okungeziwe kungatholakala ngokusungulwa kwama-surfactants noma okuqinisekisiwe. Chofoza ku-graphic above ukubona imiphumela yesampula ye-emulsification ye-ultrasonic yamanzi angu-10% emajini ngamafutha (i-Velocite 3, i-Mobil Oil, i-Hamburg yaseJalimane). Lesi sifundo senziwa ngu U-Behrend no-Schubert (2000).

I-Ultrasound

Lapho ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile, amagagasi omsindo asakaze emithonjeni yamanzi ashukumisela ukushintsha ukucindezela okuphezulu (ukucindezela) nokujikeleza okuncane (ukungavamile), namazinga kuye ngokuthi imvamisa. Ngesikhathi umjikelezo ophansi ocindezelayo, amagagasi aphakeme kakhulu e-ultrasonic enza ama-bubbles amancane avulekile noma aphuma emanzini. Lapho ama-bubbles athola umthamo lapho bengakwazi khona ukuwuthola amandla, awela phansi ngesihluku phakathi nomjikelezo ophezulu wokucindezela. Lokhu kwenzeka kuthiwa yi-cavitation. Phakathi nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu (cishe 5,000K) kanye nezingcindezi (cishe 2,000atm) kufinyelelwe endaweni yangakini. I-implosion ye-bubble cavitation nayo ibangele ama-jets ahlanzekile angama-280m / s velocity.

I-Ultrasound isiqinisekisiwe ukukhiqiza emulsions ejwayelekile kakhulu amanzi emanzini (w / o) namafutha emanzini (o / w) yi- ukugcoba okuphezulu kwe-cavitational. Njengoba imingcele ye-ultrasonication ilawulwa kahle, usayizi wezinhlayiyana nokusabalalisa kahle eguquguqukayo futhi ephindaphindiwe. Ngokujwayelekile, i-ultrasound isetshenziselwa isisetshenziswa se-flow-cell. Ngakho-ke, i-emulsion ingaba kwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo ku-intanethi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-ultrasonication ingasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-emulsions ezinzile futhi engazinzile.

Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa amandla okucubungula okujwayelekile amazinga ahlukahlukene e-ultrasonic amandla.

I-Ultrasonic Degassing ne-Defoaming

I-Ultrasound iyasiza futhi ukunciphisa inani lamabhulebhu emoyeni kumxube we-emulsion. Isithombe ngakwesokudla sibonisa umphumela (5sp. Ukuqhubeka kwezithombe ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla) we-ultrasonication kokuqukethwe kwe-bubble. Njengoba ukuhluka kokuqukethwe kwe-bubble kubangele ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi sokujola, a i-degassing, i-deaeration kanye ne-defoaming by ultrasonication ngcono ukusebenza injini.

I-Ultrasonic Process Equipment

I-Hielscher yiyona ehola umphakeli wamandla aphezulu ekhono lama-ultrasonic, emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba i-Hielscher yenza amaprosesa ase ultrasonic kuze kube 16kW amandla ngedivayisi eyodwa, nakhu akukho mkhawulo esitshalweni sesitshalo noma ukucubungula amandla. Amaqoqo ezinhlelo ezimbalwa ze-16kW asetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemithamo emikhulu yamafutha ahlaselwa. Ukusebenza kwephethiloli yezohwebo ayidingi amandla amaningi e-ultrasonic. Imfuneko yangempela yamandla inganqunywa isebenzisa iproksi ye-1kW ultrasonic ebangeni lesikhulu. Yonke imiphumela evela ezinhlolweni ezinjalo ze-bench-top ingaba senziwe kalula.

Izindleko ze-Ultrasonication

I-Ultrasonication iyindlela ephumelelayo yokucubungula ubuchwepheshe. Izindleko zokucubungula nge-Ultrasonic kubangelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali
for amadivayisi ultrasonic, izindleko Umbuso kanye nokugcinwa. Okuvelele ukusebenza kahle kwamandla (bheka ishadi) yamadivaysi e-ultrasonic e-Hielscher kusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zesevisi.

Izincwadi

Behrend, O., Schubert, H. (2000): Ithonya le-viscosity yesigaba eqhubekayo emulsification nge-ultrasound, ku: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 7 (2000) 77-85.

Canfield, A., C. (1999): Imiphumela ye-Diesel-Emulsion Water ukushisa kwi-Diesel Engine NO_x Ukukhishwa kwamanzi, ku: Isihloko Esiyinhloko Esifundiswa esikoleni esiphakeme esikoleni se-University of Florida, 1999.